Ocimum basilicum
Also known as: Sweet Basil, Genovese Basil, Italian Basil
Sun Requirements
full sun
Water Needs
moderate
Growing Zones
4-11
Days to Harvest
60 days
Planting Depth
1/4 inch for seeds
Spacing
12-18 inches apart
Basil stands as the quintessential summer herb, transforming gardens and kitchens with its intoxicating aroma and distinctive flavor that defines Mediterranean and Asian cuisines. Native to tropical regions of Africa and Southeast Asia, this tender annual has become indispensable in gardens worldwide, prized not only for its culinary versatility but also for its ornamental beauty and beneficial properties in the garden ecosystem. From the classic sweet basil that crowns Caprese salads to the exotic Thai basil in aromatic curries, this herb offers remarkable diversity with over 60 varieties ranging from cinnamon-scented to purple-leafed cultivars. Beyond the kitchen, basil serves as an excellent companion plant, particularly for tomatoes, where it's believed to enhance flavor while repelling harmful insects. Its fast growth and continuous harvest make it perfect for both novice gardeners seeking quick rewards and experienced growers maximizing their herb gardens. Whether grown in containers on sunny windowsills or planted en masse in garden beds, basil rewards attentive care with abundant harvests of aromatic leaves from early summer until the first frost.
Complete instructions from seed to harvest
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Growing exceptional basil requires understanding its tropical origins and providing conditions that mimic its native habitat. This relatively easy herb thrives in warm conditions with consistent moisture and rich, well-draining soil. Success begins with timing—basil is extremely frost-sensitive and should only be planted outdoors after nighttime temperatures reliably stay above 50°F. The key to productive basil plants lies in regular harvesting, which encourages bushy growth and prevents flowering that can make leaves bitter. Most gardeners find basil straightforward to grow, with the main challenges being protection from cold snaps and managing moisture levels to prevent fungal diseases.
Plant basil only after all danger of frost has passed and soil temperatures reach at least 65°F. Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost date, or direct sow when conditions are warm. Choose a location with full sun exposure and protection from strong winds. Prepare the planting area by working in 2-3 inches of compost to improve soil fertility and drainage. When transplanting seedlings, space them 12-18 inches apart to allow for good air circulation. Plant at the same depth they were growing in their containers, firming soil gently around roots. Water thoroughly after planting and apply a 2-inch layer of organic mulch to conserve moisture and suppress weeds. For continuous harvest, consider succession planting every 2-3 weeks through mid-summer.
Maintain basil with consistent moisture, providing 1-1.5 inches of water weekly through drip irrigation or soaker hoses to keep foliage dry. Feed every 3-4 weeks with a balanced liquid fertilizer diluted to half strength, as too much nitrogen can reduce essential oil content. Pinch growing tips when plants reach 6 inches tall to encourage branching, and remove flower buds immediately to maintain leaf production and quality. Harvest frequently by cutting stems just above a pair of leaves, which stimulates new growth. Monitor for common pests like aphids and Japanese beetles, treating with insecticidal soap if needed. In late summer, allow a few plants to flower for bees and to collect seeds. Before first frost, harvest all remaining foliage or pot up plants to overwinter indoors on a sunny windowsill.
Discover which plants work best together to create a thriving, natural garden ecosystem
Basil's aromatic compounds make it one of the most valuable companion plants in the garden, particularly in vegetable gardens where its pest-repelling properties and pollinator attraction provide multiple benefits. The strong scent of basil confuses and repels many common garden pests including aphids, whiteflies, and hornworms, while its flowers attract beneficial insects like bees and predatory wasps. Traditional garden wisdom has long paired basil with tomatoes, and modern gardeners report that this combination may enhance the flavor of both plants while reducing pest problems. Basil's relatively compact growth habit and shallow root system make it an ideal understory plant that won't compete aggressively for nutrients, allowing it to thrive alongside taller vegetables and other herbs.
Solanum lycopersicum
Classic pairing - repels hornworms and may enhance tomato flavor
Benefits: Similar growing requirements and basil deters aphids
Benefits: Mediterranean herbs with similar needs that grow well together
Avoid because: Inhibits basil growth through chemical compounds
Avoid because: Different water requirements and may stunt basil growth
Explore our detailed guides above for everything you need to know about growing healthy, productive basil plants.
